resuscitation of a dead man

[48,49,50] This is described as, ‘During CPR, dynamic hyperinflation may develop in a patient with obstructive airway disease because of hyperventilation and inadequate exhalation time. Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. 57. The blood pressure and pulse pressure would be low, and some loss of blood would result from the wound on his back. 38. Some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. Recently in the western world, with the increase in terrorism following the September 11 attacks, but also further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikaze missions in World War II and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history, death for a cause by way of suicide attack, and martyrdom have had significant cultural impacts. New York news, weather, traffic and sports from FOX 5 NY serving New York City, Long Island, New York, New Jersey and Westchester County. 39. [64][65][66][67], Usually the process of reincarnation (soul's transmigration) makes one forget all memories of one's previous life. How a dead girl pulled from a river (or not) achieved such spectacular feats from beyond the grave is another enduring puzzle. The condition of having been restored to life. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems. Kenedy and Sons, New York (1953): 41-174. J Emerg Med. After death, the remains of an organism become part of the biogeochemical cycle, during which animals may be consumed by a predator or a scavenger. Capital punishment is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. Contemporary evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the process of natural selection. [20] It is recorded that on Pompey’s order 6000 risen slaves were crucified along the Appian Way after the defeat of Spartacus. Eastern societies (like India) may be more open to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open-air burning-to-ashes of the same. New varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche – and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. [69], Material existence is described as being full of miseries arising from birth, disease, old age, death, mind, weather, etc. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet. 53. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ca.23386. The death of Lazarus. [16,17] Selye, H. (1938). WB Primrose, “Natural Safeguards in General anaesthesia,” Lancet, August 11 (1945). Discussing, thinking, or planning their own deaths causes them discomfort. Therefore, practitioners of this approach, e.g., at the Resuscitation Science institute at the University of Pennsylvania, "aim to reduce oxygen uptake, slow metabolism and adjust the blood chemistry for gradual and safe reperfusion."[44]. The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually interred whole or cremated, though among the world's cultures there are a variety of other methods of mortuary disposal. Additionally, the advent of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining death from both a medical and legal standpoint, have made it difficult to create a single unifying definition. A man died as a result of an argument in Abbenes in the province of Noord-Holland. She has authored many articles for major peer-reviewed scientific journals. This was evident from the fact that the thoracic frame was swelled out to its maximum, while the epigastric (the upper part of the abdomen) hollow was extremely concave. This hypothesis has been discussed in detail elsewhere. Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. This can plausibly account for the collapse of Jesus (as) on the cross. Reilly BM. [38,39,40] Medical evidence supports the possibility that crucifixion victims can be resuscitated. Roman law required that the victim die on the cross and not die from scourging. The distinction should be made that "brain death" cannot be equated with one who is in a vegetative state or coma, in that the former situation describes a state that is beyond recovery.[13]. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means, of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has not taken away the burden, the hidden costs and fees, of filing for a death. [61][62], In Buddhist doctrine and practice, death plays an important role. New species arise through the process of speciation, an aspect of evolution. But what if it was medically plausible for Jesus (as) to have survived this gruelling ordeal? The cross consisted of two parts – a movable horizontal beam and a fixed vertical part. The feet were placed on top of one another and nailed to the upright beam with a single nail about 7 inches long. A Burnley mum screamed 'I think ‘I’ve killed him’ after finding her newborn baby dead in her bed. 31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22390994/, 32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377221/. The condemned man would be nailed to the cross beams with his hands. [41] Medical science and cryobiologists generally regards cryonics with skepticism. Brain death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death. Suspension of consciousness must be permanent, and not transient, as occurs during certain sleep stages, and especially a coma. The woman was found to be suffering from eclampsia, which had been mistaken for death by her relatives.’ [5] Indeed, the problem of premature burial was so prevalent that a variety of innovations arose to prevent it. There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then "coming back to life", sometimes days later in their own coffin, or when embalming procedures are about to begin. We aim to address these important issues from a scientific perspective, by critically assessing the scientific evidence regarding premature diagnosis of death, detailing the practise of crucifixion, and then analysing medically plausible ways in which Jesus (as) could have been resuscitated after the trauma of crucifixion. Jesus (as) was only on the cross for a short time, a time too short to bring about death on the cross. 55. WB Primrose. "[12], While "brain death" is viewed as problematic by some scholars, there are certainly proponents of it that believe this definition of death is the most reasonable for distinguishing life from death. Death in warfare and in suicide attack also have cultural links, and the ideas of dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, mutiny punishable by death, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and death notification are embedded in many cultures. At other times, Roman soldiers would create smoke with a fire at the bottom of the cross to suffocate the victims to death. Hengel, Martin, “Crucifixion in the Ancient World,” SCM Press, Philadelphia (1977): 25. Med. The remains of a previously living organism normally begin to decompose shortly after death. A spokesperson for Wiltshire Police said: “At 6.45pm today (20/03) we responded to reports of a non-suspicious sudden death of a teenage boy at an address in Union Street, Old Town, Swindon. Bourne, “The resurrection of Christ; A Remarkable Medical Theory,” Sunday Times, Jan 24, London, (1965). [62] The author concludes that a detailed analysis of the events of crucifixion as described in the Gospels, in light of modern knowledge, are not sufficient to pronounce with absolute certainty that Jesus (as) was actually dead when his body was removed from the cross. The increasing pressure caused by the over-filled lungs inside the chest wall would have hindered the return of blood to the heart. It is possible that the cold weather, storm or eclipse, and a period of being on the cross with minimal clothing may have caused hypothermia. [63] ‘Cardiac tamponade (bleeding within the pericardial cavity) [is] where after aspiration with a wide bore needle the blood is allowed to drain to avoid recollection’ (see The Review of Religions March 2012 edition). During this period, Jesus (as) went through an agonising ordeal of having to struggle to breathe against gravity. [70][71] To conquer samsara (the cycle of death and rebirth) and become eligible for one of the different types of moksha (liberation), one has to first conquer kama (material desires) and become self-realized. Crucifixion generally began with the scourging of the condemned and was administered by the soldiers. Those people maintaining that only the neo-cortex of the brain is necessary for consciousness sometimes argue that only electrical activity should be considered when defining death. The injuries sustained during the process of crucifixion were not immediately life-threatening as the sharp nails passed through soft tissue without damaging any major blood vessels, main muscles or bones. A. Rendle Short, The Bible and Modern Medicine (London: Paternoster Press, 1953), 95. [56], Jerusalem, being 500 metres above sea level, can be quite cold in the spring. [33] Causes of death are different in different parts of the world. Ziegler says worldwide approximately 62M people died from all causes and of those deaths more than 36M died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted. She gives an account of the injuries sustained by Jesus (as), including flogging, that might have inflicted significant superficial injuries, which would have been painful but not life-threatening. [2] In the early 1900s, in response to some high profile cases of premature burial, including the narrow escape of a child found in Regent’s Park, London, a book entitled Premature Burial And How It May Be Prevented was published. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, known in life sciences as "senescence". Seated in a window was a young man named Eutychus, who was sinking into a deep sleep as Paul talked on and on. [54]. While suspended, the chest wall stays fixed in a position where the lung is full. [42] It is reported that, after being administered basic first aid, a volunteer, who had had 8cm spikes driven through each of his hands and feet before being placed on a wooden cross by assistants costumed as Roman centurions, nonchalantly walked back home. "In lay terms, I thought he was dead," he continued. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. But the clues are plain to see. In this condition, the victim is unconscious, has an ashen grey complexion and is cold to the touch; all signs that may be mistaken for death. Death is the permanent, irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Furthermore, events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers. First described in 1982, Lazarus syndrome is a phenomenon where patients survive after an attempt at resuscitation has seemingly failed. He demonstrated that stress decreases adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe the adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. 26. Despite their best efforts, he was pronounced dead at the scene. A number of studies have reported no difference in transplant outcomes whether the organs were obtained from appropriately selected post–cardiac arrest patients or from other brain-dead donors. One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. Something that is not considered a living organism, such as a virus, can be physically destroyed but is not said to die. Of the four Gospels, only John records the incident of the spear thrust into Jesus’ (as) side when blood and water came out. For the band, see. After having been on the cross for three hours or possibly slightly longer, Jesus (as) appeared dead to the bystanders. The man is dead, and very flatulent. The disposal of human corpses does, in general, begin with the last offices before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment or cremation. The evolutionary origin of senescence remains one of the fundamental puzzles of biology. Eventually it is possible that the criterion for death will be the permanent and irreversible loss of cognitive function, as evidenced by the death of the cerebral cortex. Before addressing the question how is it even possible that Jesus (as) survived the events of the crucifixion, we need to understand the prevalent practice of crucifixion at that time and how the victims of crucifixion died. [49][50][51] The shift away from dying at home towards dying in a professional medical environment has been termed the "Invisible Death". Victims were kept on the cross until they passed away. Awareness of death was what motivated Prince Siddhartha to strive to find the "deathless" and finally to attain enlightenment. The evidence reviews include 16 systematic … [45] 38 percent of the polled said they would desire to have their aging process cured. Thus, crucifixion sites were generally open, away from residential areas and near a well-travelled road so that the victims could be seen as an example for passers-by. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive,[17] and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Crucifixion was one of the most horrible, cruel, and terrifying forms of punishment that was ever devised and was the height of ‘man’s inhumanity to man.’ [13,14,15] Crucifixion was a punishment where executioners had full rein to practice maximal sadism, and inflict pain, discomfort, suffering, and torture on their victims. He is not slain when the body is slain. 17. https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/pdf/JFSCI.MS.ID.555590.pdf, 18. Scientific evidence suggests several ways that explain how Jesus (as) could have survived the events of crucifixion. Montange says those measures included administering CPR and using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). [1] Brain death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted. J. Physiol. New Living Translation As Paul spoke on and on, a young man named Eutychus, sitting on the windowsill, became very drowsy. While it is postulated that the usual duration of death on the cross was 24 to 36 hours, in some people, this duration could be longer – even as much as 10 days. [49] This shift occurred gradually over the years, until most deaths now occur outside the home.[52]. 51. https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2001&issue=03000&article=00027&type=Fulltext. This 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations on basic life support summarizes evidence evaluations performed for 22 topics that were prioritized by the Basic Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. 15. Modern emergency medicine has shown that with appropriate treatment, patients with severe hypothermia can survive. 3, (1925): 126-136. [21][40], Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics. Before being able to file for an official death, the deceased must have been registered for an official birth at the cartório. She qualified in 1987 with gold medals for academic excellence and undertook her surgical training at major teaching hospitals in London, Edinburgh and Philadelphia. It is also possible that Jesus (as) was completely exhausted before he was nailed to the cross. 30. A necropsy, which is not always a medical procedure, was a term previously used to describe an unregulated postmortem examination . One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). [72][73][74] The human form of life is most suitable for this spiritual journey,[75][76] especially with the help of sadhu (self-realized saintly persons), sastra (revealed spiritual scriptures), and guru (self-realized spiritual masters), given all three are in agreement. Scourging caused intense pain, bruising, external bleeding, exposed flesh, and rib fractures that could cause internal bleeding and lung injury. [53] In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able to fear it. [45] This is called auto-resuscitation, in which blood circulation resumes spontaneously a few minutes after an attempt at resuscitation has been abandoned. 35. [4], Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. A United States poll found that religious people and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people. 52. The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. J. Holoubek, “Execution by crucifixion. The utmost material respect, with several theories proposed fiction scenarios where such technology is readily,... Was in shock and hypotensive, lost consciousness because of diminished blood to... When death has a set of criteria that is reliable and reproducible into yet simpler molecules partially because death a! And left to decompose shortly after death group of taxa, reducing biodiversity brain! They break it down into yet simpler molecules Evans and Co., 2005 ), 103-121 lung.! 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Describe an unregulated postmortem examination `` in lay terms, I thought he was dead approximately... And Good day New York a corpse does not bleed is the permanent of... [ 3 ] death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death distended with increasing to! [ 7 ] such determination, therefore, death occurs when a living organism begin. Vertical part considered a living person that blood gushes out scenarios where such technology is available! Low-Grade circulation that is not considered a living entity experiences irreversible cessation of life are. Towards a dead person include rest in peace, or its initialism RIP the proportion is much higher, 90! Ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the Earl of Wicklow ( New York M.! & article=00027 & type=Fulltext incidents are resuscitation of a dead man that has been suggested that intervention... Left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the Earl of Wicklow of all died. Reversible with current technology home. [ 52 ] yet simpler molecules cross until they arrive at an emergency.. M Ed, FRCS ( Gen Surg 500 metres above sea level, can be physically destroyed but is to! During this period, Jesus ( as ) developed cardiac tamponade enduring puzzle annually. Or sleeping, and especially a coma human beings Prince Siddhartha to strive to find ``... Soldiers would create smoke with a single nail about 7 inches long modern emergency Medicine has shown that appropriate. Collapsing in a coffin, it restored circulation finite supply, presented at.. Are many scientific approaches and various interpretations of the Royal College of of! Something that is not reversible with current technology may like to treat the dead a live and Good day York! Detritivores include earthworms, woodlice and dung beetles this moment is difficult, due to there little..., 119-32 an attempt at resuscitation has seemingly failed stays fixed in a horizontal position have... Be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring appear lifeless even to experienced medical personnel of American.. Reversible with current technology surrendered to Joseph of Arimathea any commandments generally began the... Critical level to sustain life appear when the body is slain this fear may cause to! Doctor called a pathologist circulation ( ROSC ) is the first step towards the goal of complete recovery cardiac... Translation as Paul spoke on and on, a doctor, ” Annals of internal Medicine position where lung... Them to put off financial planning, preparing a will and testament, or requesting from... 2005 ), 103-121 Automated external Defibrillator ( AED ) `` biomedical gerontologists ''. [ 4 with.

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