The second method requires being able to query the Microsoft Symbol Server, which could introduce difficulties on systems without access to the internet. Afterwards, the function Pth_luid is called. Members of the Administrators, Domain Admins, Enterprise Admins, and Domain Controllers groups have these privileges by default. Damit Sie die Techniken der Angreifer verstehen und erkennen können, zeigt Ihnen IT-Security-Spezialist Sebastian Brabetz in diesem Buch, wie Sie Penetration Tests mit mimikatz in einer sicheren Testumgebung durchführen. If they get their hashes, it becomes relatively straightforward to … Un serveur s’assure de l’identité d’un utilisateur en vérifiant sa connaissance d’un secret qu’ils partagent. Our discussion of pass-the-hash omits network and protocol-level implementation details. Found insideMimikatz is a pass the hash application that enables an attacker to authenticate to a remote server using the LM/NTLM hash of a user's password, eliminating the need to crack/brute-force the hashes to obtain the clear-text password. It can prove very useful for moving throughout a network where the user's account may have a strong password but you as the attacker have gained access to their hash. In this article, we explain how to detect a Pass-The-Hash (PTH) attack using the Windows event viewer and introduce a new open source tool to aid in this detection. Mitigating the risk of DCSync involves protecting replication permissions from abuse.
Mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets. Does the endpoint security tool being used include built-in detections for a particular technique? Those of you, who read my other blog posts know, that C/C++ is not my favorite language. And I thought cool, I already worked with that to build a script to get a SYSTEM shell - NamedPipeSystem.ps1. To perform a DCSync attack, an adversary must have compromised a user with the Replicating Directory Changes All and Replicating Directory Changes privileges. Found inside – Page 19One of the most common examples of this type of attack is known as “pass the hash.” To facilitate a single sign-on experience ... Using Mimikatz, an attacker can extract password hashes or Kerberos tickets for currently logged-on users. A solution for that is changing the WinSta/Desktop DACL to grant everyone access. A peek at Event Viewer will show following informational Events : SYSTEM Event ID 153: In the case of the Pass-The-Hash, there is no expiration. Event ID 4662 in the subcategory Audit Directory Service Access audits basic information about users performing operations within Active Directory for events specified in an object’s system access-control list (SACL). list of Kerberos encryption keys If the network credentials are used for that, we would be able to fulfill all our goals for a new tool. Overview. This logon session can be used to RDP to a remote server using Restricted Admin mode. I’m pretty sure, that I before publication of the tool tested the content of Start-Job Scriptblocks for AMSI scans/blocks. 0x00 前言在之前的文章《域渗透——Pass The Hash & Pass The Key》曾介绍过kb2871997对Pass The Hash的影响。本文将站在另一个角度，介绍Pass The Hash的相关实现0x01 简介本文将要介绍以下内容：Pass The Hash的原理常用工具mimikatz中的Pass The Hashmimikatz中 … Let’s see some practical examples that was created by Red Canary and Mimikatz repo and will show us how we can identify some Pass The Hash activity:. Impersonation via process token or RPC Identity required an existing process for the target user to steal the token from. Also, mimikatz allows you to perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket attacks or generate Golden Kerberos tickets. The whole project gave me the idea, that it would be really cool to also add an option to impacket’s ntlmrelayx.py to relay connections to a Named Pipe. Local administrators and many service-accounts have this privilege by default. In the context of this post, pass-the-hash involves leveraging legitimate authentication mechanisms built into Windows. Mimikatz has become the standard tool for extracting passwords and hashes from memory, performing pass-the-hash attacks and creating domain persistence through Golden Tickets. This idea was nice with the background thought, that we have local and network authentication for the new process. Found inside – Page 171Some operating systems, including versions of Windows, cache password hashes locally in order to facilitate ... For example, the Mimikatz tool automates pass-the-hash attacks, allowing them to occur with just a few keystrokes. I also removed all Inveigh Session stuff, parameters and so on. Hackers are on the lookout especially for admin-level domain users.
Specifically, these are kuhl_m_sekurlsa_enum_callback_msv_pth and kuhl_m_sekurlsa_enum_callback_kerberos_pth. Mimikatz can perform the well-known operation ‘Pass-The-Hash’ to run a process under another credentials with NTLM hash of the user’s password, instead of its real password. Mimikatz consists of multiple modules, taylored to either core functionality or varied vector of attack. Not only in one engagement I spend a lot of time searching for the right tool/technique in that specific situation. They can pass the plaintext password or pass a hash value to mention. We can use Mimikatz to Pass-The-Hash (actually OverPass-The-Hash) to ourselves, to create an impersonated logon session (with respect to network authentications requests). Processes with this Token Type cannot access ressources in the network like LDAP, SMB, HTTP or whatever else. For those of you looking for a C# solution: Sharp-SMBExec is a C# port of Invoke-SMBExec which can be modified the same way I did here to get a C# version for the PTH to the Named Pipe part. It is also possible for any user to be granted these specific privileges. But here we stay in the same process, therefore a bypass works: https://www.praetorian.com/blog/inside-mimikatz-part1/, https://www.praetorian.com/blog/inside-mimikatz-part2/, https://decoder.cloud/2019/03/06/windows-named-pipes-impersonation/, https://itm4n.github.io/printspoofer-abusing-impersonate-privileges/, https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample/tree/master/MS-RPRN, https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec, https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/, https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Invoke-TheHash/, https://github.com/Hackplayers/evil-winrm, https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Get-System-Techniques/blob/master/NamedPipe/NamedPipeSystem.ps1, https://github.com/decoder-it/pipeserverimpersonate/blob/master/pipeserverimpersonate.ps1, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-smb2/5606ad47-5ee0-437a-817e-70c366052962, https://github.com/antonioCoco/RoguePotato, https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-ReflectivePEInjection.ps1, https://github.com/checkymander/Sharp-SMBExec, https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/NamedPipePTH, The most common on premises vulnerabilities & misconfigurations, Fully featured shell or C2-connection as the victim user-account, The tool has to be used on a fully compromised system without another for example linux box under control in the network, so that it can be used as C2-module for example, MSV1_0 and Kerberos are Windows two Authentication providers, which handle authentication using provided credential material, The LSASS process on a Windows Operating System contains a structure with MSV1_0 and Kerberos credential material, Afterwards it creates a new MSV and Kerberos structure with the user provided NTLM hash and overwrites the original structure for the given user, The newly created process is RESUMED, so that the specified binary like for example, NTLM challenge response locally via InitializeSecurityContext / AcceptSecurityContext, The TCP/IP Three-way-handshake is done (SYN,SYN/ACK,ACK), Two Negotiate Protocol Requests and Responses. (Certain techniques are inherently more difficult to detect due to their similarity to legitimate behavior. You can read/write the Active Directory via LDAP, access network shares via SMB, execute code on remote systems with a privileged user (SMB, WMI, DCOM, WinRM) and so on. It works anywhere where credentials are not managed properly. As we can see in Figure 1.3 there is no hash displayed and we can see an Encrypted Blob. Pass The Hash ( T1550.002) Pass the hash (PtH) is a technique of authenticating to specific services as a user without having their clear-text password. This would simulate a remote system authenticating to our Pipe with the user testing.
Pass the Hash. The third method is probably the best in terms of stealth and operational usage. Found insideMimikatz is an open source utility that allows an attacker to retrieve user credential information from the targeted system and potentially perform passthe-hash and pass-the-ticket attacks. Chapter 8 1. a. The following PSExec command ... Found insideIf successful, they then use a tool like Mimikatz's pass-the-hash functionality while specifying the user's username, domain (or local account), and the password hash. They can then use other tools to run commands remotely on the ... Later versions of Samba and other third-party implementations of the SMB and NTLM protocols also included the functionality. (You’ll need mimikatz or something else to inject the hash into the process) On engagements it is usually only a matter of time to get your hands on NTLM hashes. Found inside – Page 8-39... Angriffe verstehen und Pentests durchführen ( ( m Penetration Testing mit mimikatz Das Praxis - Handbuch Hacking - Angriffe verstehen und Pentests durchführen 5 Penetrationstests mit mimikatz von Pass - the - Hash über Kerberoasting ... The MSV1_0 callback is invoked and receives a copy of the structure along with a PSEKURLSA_PTH_DATA structure containing relevant information such as the target LogonId and the NTLM hash that is being used for the attack. Imagine two more facts for a situation like that - the NTLM Hash could not be cracked and there is no process of the victim user to execute shellcode in it or to migrate into that process. Mimikatz is an attempt to bundle together some of the most useful tasks that attackers will want to perform. This would for example result in network access for that newly created task. The following quote is a Google Translate English translated version of the Mimikatz website (which is … Mimikatz. Basically, a workstation/device in AD… The likelihood of detection is typically a product of: In this post, we covered the method used by Mimikatz to implement pass-the-hash and compared it with potential alternative implementations. One Windows API call, namely ImpersonateNamedPipeClient() allows the server to impersonate any client connecting to it. Learn about our latest achievements. Ochoa outlines a second method he has used to implement pass-the-hash by using the Microsoft Symbol Server to resolve the address of LogonSessionList[1, Slide 45]. can also be achieved with Mimikatz. The method used by Mimikatz involves using signatures to identify the location of symbols within LsaSrv.dll, such as the LogonSessionList global variable.
A new console will be opened automatically. Keep up-to-date on cybersecurity industry trends and the latest tools & techniques from the world’s foremost cybersecurity experts. Found inside – Page 51For instance, the Mimikatz tools were used for getting plaintext passwords, hashes, and Kerberos tickets out of the victim system; extracting certificates and private keys; and performing Pass-the-Hash and Pass-the-Ticket attacks (Swiss ... Mimikatz is an open-source, credential-dumping application that extracts account username and password information, typically in the shape of a hash or a plain text password. We can pass hashes which are from: SAM Files, LSASS, NTDS.DIT; We can pass hashes between workgroup machines, domain members and domain controllers. The tool implements the Sekurlsa module of Mimikatz used for attacks such as pass-the-hash and pass-the-ticket, and provides the following functions:. So opening up a Named Pipe with this privileges enables us to Impersonate any user connecting to that Pipe via ImpersonateNamedPipeClient() and open a new process with the token of that user-account. This function first searches for and afterwards overwrites the MSV1.0 and Kerberos credential material with our newly created structure: If that resulted in success, the process is resumed via NtResumeProcess. Both techniques used are not new and often used, the only thing I did here is combination and modification of existing tools. Found inside... in user-mode Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) process memory. Unfortunately, community tools such as Mimikatz can attack LSASS memory and steal NTLM hashes and/or Kerberos tickets; these are known as “pass the hash ... These can usually be directly used to authenticate against other services / … Found inside – Page ccviiAt any rate, those hashes are stored in a method that allows them to be stolen (and reversed if you really want the password itself). ... Mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets. We are on a mission to make the world a safer and more secure place, and it all starts with people. If the end-user specifies the LUIDof the logon session, then Mimikatz overwrites the stored credential material for that session. The only thing you need for that is the SeImpersonatePrivilege privilege.
This greatly reduces the risk that an adversary can escalate their privileges. The LM, SHA, and DPAPI protected attributes are set to false with the length zeroed to indicate the credential structure does not contain these hash values. There are plenty of tools for network authentication via Pass-the-Hash. Some of those are: If we want to have access to an administrative account and a shell for that account, we can easily use the WMI, DCOM and WinRM PTH-tools, as commands are executed in the users context. Don’t ask me why, but this time I did it myself here. So I had to search for more possibilities. The adversary may need to repeat the cycle of internal reconnaissance, lateral movement, and privilege escalation until finding a user with these permissions. Found inside – Page 225A. Patator B. Peach C. SonarQube D. Mimikatz ☑ D is correct. Mimikatz is a tool capable of extracting passwords and Kerberos tickets from memory as well as running pass-the-hash or pass-the-ticket attacks, in addition to building ... Our whitepapers blend data and thought leadership across a range of security matters, to help you understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. The result is the PipeServerImpersonate code. Is the detection technique likely to identify false positives? In some ways, effective red teaming often involves “reinventing the wheel” or finding creative ways to accomplish the same basic task. Found inside – Page 273Note that the username and password you are trying are the username and password you obtained from Mimikatz. ... Another technique you can use for lateral movement is to use the pass the hash technique with the PSExec vulnerability. Found insideRobert is investigating a security breach and discovers the Mimikatz tool installed on a system in his environment. What type of attack has likely taken place? A. Password cracking B. Pass the hash C. MAC spoofing. Ok, I have to admit, in the most cases network authentication is enough. So if we only change those bytes to the following, a CreateRequest request is send to our attacker controlled Named Pipe: The result is an local authentication to the Named Pipe as the user testing: To get rid of the error message and the resulting timeout we have to do some further changes to the Invoke-SMBExec code. Found inside – Page 280Pass. the. ticket. Users can be authenticated to Windows systems using Kerberos tickets without the burden of ... Mimikatz has a "sekurlsa: pass the hash" command that uses [280 ] Lateral Movement Pass the ticket Pass the hash (PtH) Have you ever wondered how the Mimikatz pass-the-hash (PtH) command works internally? This method works by scanning for a signature to identify instructions used to load the address of variables such as LsaLogonSessionList into memory. It grew since, and today, it demonstrates various weaknesses in 32-bit/64-bit systems. Attackers use Mimikatz to pass that exact hash string to the target computer to login. So I opened up a new Powershell process via PTH and SharpKatz with the following command: What happens in the background? SEKURLSA::Pth – Pass-the-Hash and Over-Pass-the-Hash (aka pass the key). My personal goals for a tool/technique were: The Tweet above therefore inspired me, to again search for existing tools/techniques. Modifying PipeServerImpersonate, so that the Named Pipe is not closed but re-opened again after executing a binary would make it possible to get a C2-Stager for every single incoming NetNTLMV2 connection. Doing this was straight forward as I mostly had to remove code. With Sysmon in place when a pass-the-hash occurs you will see Event ID 10 showing access to the LSASS process from Mimikatz or your pass-the-hash tool of choice. Lateral movement with PTT (Pass The Ticket) Attack is against DC with a valid user/ntlm hash whoami /user python ms14-068.py -u [email protected]-s S-1-5-21-557603841-771695929-1514560438-1103 -d dc-a-2003.dom-a.loc --rc4
The PTH module first creates a structure for the credential material called data from the class SEKURLSA_PTH_DATA: The NtlmHash of this new structure is filled with our given Hash: A new process in the SUSPENDED state is opened. My first thought about Named Pipe Impersonation in combination with PTH was, that I could spawn a new cmd.exe process via Mimikatz or SharpKatz Pass-the-Hash and connect to the Named Pipe over IPC$ in the new process. With the token information, and thus the LogonSession LUID for that target acquired, Mimikatz begins the pass the hash step. Found inside – Page 216One of the best pass-the-hash programs is from Mimikatz. This one tool can alleviate the need to crack a password and will allow you to extract the hash to use for authentication to other systems. The author of Mimikatz, Benjamin Delpy, ... Depending on how this driver is implemented, it would likely evade the standard methods used to detect LSASS process memory accesses. I tested them again to start software via PTH or inject a Kerberos ticket into existing processes and realized, that they only provide network authentication for the PTH-user. I ended up using CreateProcessWithTokenW with CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE as dwCreationFlags, which worked perfectly fine. There are certain types of prevention measures available but most often they are not implemented in the infrastructure. The credentials stored in LSASS are associated with the logon session used for network authentication and not for identifying the local user account associated with a process. I faced certain Offensive Security project situations in the past, where I already had the NTLM-Hash of a low privileged user account and needed a shell for that user on the current compromised system - but that was not possible with the current public tools. Figure 10: Privilege level check of mimikatz. Built with stealth in mind, CME follows the concept of "Living off the Land": abusing built-in Active Directory features/protocols to achieve it's functionality and allowing it to evade most endpoint protection/IDS/IPS solutions.
In addition, it can perform pass-the-hash or pass-the-ticket tasks and build Kerberos Golden Tickets. However, it requires injecting a DLL into LSASS, which can be noticeable to endpoint security tools. The biggest caveat is that Restricted Admin mode must be enabled on the remote server. When new versions of Windows are released, potential updates need to be made to adjust structure offset changes and changes to the source, which could otherwise break certain heuristics. mimikatz is a tool that makes some "experiments" with Windows security. product portfolios.
Although Windows 8.1/2012R2 has some good improvements to help slow down lateral movement on a Windows network, pass the hash style attacks are still obviously a good way to spread out as a pentester/attacker. The callback function kuhl_m_sekurlsa_enum_kerberos_callback_pth is then executed, which is responsible for patching in the appropriate credential information. Mimikatz. privilege::debug token::elevate ts::remote /id:2. Mimikatz scans for the sequence of bytes outlined in black below in order to identify the mov r9d, cs:?LogonSessionListCount and lea rcx, ?LogonSessionList instructions. One example of this is the Impacket utility [6]. Note, that our PTH username is chosen with an empty password: In the next step, the process is opened and the LogonID of the new process is copied into our credential material object, which is related to our PTH username. Mimikatz: Credential harvest, Pass the hash, Golden Ticket Mimikatz is a tool, built in C language and used to perform password harvesting in windows platform.
As discussed before the tickets are loaded inside the memory and to extract them we will be using the mimikatz. Normally, I don’t like blog posts explaining a topic with code. It's now well known to extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory.
You are likely familiar with the concept of
Found inside – Page 235The NT Hash can also be used to perform a pass-the-hash attack with tools such as Mimikatz or Windows Credential Editor. Challenge: Can you figure out what the actual password of the hash is? Can you crack it? As we can see in Figure 1.3 there is no hash displayed and we can see an Encrypted Blob. That is explained above.
I went through the SMB documentation for some hours, but that did not help me much to be honest. Found inside – Page 167The third pass the hash tool we will demonstrate is called mimikatz. This is a great tool to use for passing the hash. mimikatz is classified as a post-exploitation tool. It was created by Benjamin Delpy. mimikatz has many features ... Found inside – Page 201Password hash, Kerberoskey, and ticket compromise Within Windows environments, attackers use Mimikatz53 to lift NTLM ... mimikatz # kerberos:: Module : kerberos Full name : Kerberos package module Description : ptt - Pass-the-ticket [NT ... The first method is likely the easiest to implement. Common tools: Mimikatz • fgdump • gsecdump • Metasploit • SMBshell • PWDumpX • creddump • WCE Hashes Tokens Cached Credentials LSA Secrets Tickets NTDS.DIT 5 MITRE ATT&CK and ATT&CK are registered trademarks of The MITRE Corporation, "sekurlsa::pth /user:PrivUser1 /ntlm:eed224b4784bb040aab50b8856fe9f02 /domain:domain.com", "kerberos::golden /domain:domain.com /sid:S-1-5-21-5840559-2756745051-1363507867 /krbtgt:1b8cee51fd49e55e8c9c9004a4acc159 /user:Administrator /id:500 /ptt", [MS-RPCE]: Remote Procedure Call Protocol Extesnions, Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection, Routinely audit replication permission grants and aggressively embrace the principal of least privilege, If a legitimate need for replication permissions exists, adopt compensating controls to mitigate the risk of credential theft, Alert, in real-time, on changes to replication permissions. Mimikatz is a powerful and well-known post-exploitation tool written in C, capable to extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN codes and kerberos tickets from memory. It's well-known to extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. So my idea was, to modify the RoguePotato code to get a PipeServer which sets correct permissions for WinSta/Desktop. Found inside – Page 166... fnding local admin, running Mimikatz, or elevating privileges NTLMRelay Pass-the-hash tool for lateral compromise Cover Tracks/Cleanup Phase No specifc tools here, this is different enough each time that only manual effort is used. From pass-the-hash to pass-the-ticket with no pain. I thought to myself, that it might be possible to modify one of those tools to archieve the specific goal of an interactive shell. Extracting Tickets: Mimikatz. Once obtained, an adversary uses the Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol to replicate data (including credentials) from Active Directory. So I’m not completely lost in the topic and know what it is about. Found inside – Page 238... himself: "It is made in C and considered as some experiments with Windows security" It's now well known to extract plaintexts passwords, hash, and PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. Mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, ... Mimikatz kullanılmadan standard bir cmd’den Recep user’ı ile DC’nin C diski sorgulandığında “Access is denied” hatası alınmaktadır. Similar to PtH, this involves using a password hash to authenticate as a user but also uses the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket. If the source host does not appear on that list, then a DCSync attack is suspected. Adversaries may "pass the hash" using stolen password hashes to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Adversary techniques for credential theft and data compromise. I got the following error from cmd.exe when impersonating the user testing via network authentication: This error didn’t pop up, when a cmd.exe was opened with the password, accessing the Pipe afterwards. However, it requires both an outbound HTTP connection to the Microsoft symbol server and large non-default DLL files that are not ordinarily present within a default installation of Windows (such as symsrv.dll and dbghelp.dll) [1, Slide 47]. Pass-the-Hash—obtains an NTLM hash used by Windows to deliver passwords.
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