life cycle of a virus diagram

Structure of Norovirus. This conversion is what allows the HIV Virus to enter the cell’s nucleus to integrate with it. Bacteriophage A falls under the family Siphoviridae of the Group I (dsDNA viruses). This allows the . (a) Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (b) Common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (c) Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Overview of Animal Viruses Life Cycle of Animal Viruses The basic life cycle stages of animal viruses differ from bacteriophages in some key ways: 1) attachment • requires specific interactions between host cell plasma Each of the three strands of viral RNA create a different protein: the S RNA encodes for the nucleocapsid protein (N protein which protects the RNA in the capsid), the M RNA encodes for G1 and G2 (which attach to the cell and let the virus in), and the L RNA encodes for the L protein. There is no way for the L protein to create a cap on its own so the virus resorts to a process called “cap snatching”, which means exactly what you might expect: the L protein steals the caps off of cellular mRNA and actually builds the viral mRNA off of it. Test your knowledge of this chapter with a 30 question practice chapter exam. for long periods of time. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The three RNA strands are called S RNA (small), M RNA (medium) and L RNA (large). These cycles are the lysogenic life cycle and the lytic life cycle. The life cycle of EBV consists of lytic and latent phases. Rabies virus is also known as street virus. The life cycle of virus. Endocytosis is a process in which the cellular membrane caves inward, drawing everything nearby into the cell, and then pinching off to form a membrane bubble within the cell. Attachment • Virus attachment consists of specific binding of a virus-attachment protein (or 'antireceptor') to a cellular receptor molecule. ( Log Out /  This fusion to the endosome by the capsid proteins creates a hole in the membrane, releasing the viral RNAs into the cytoplasm of the host, where the rest of the lifecycle will occur. Figure 3: 3D structure of the Riemann-Pick C1 protein. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule found in cells that does many tasks for the human body, including the transformation of DNA information into proteins. Oviposition blisters 3. The virus then fuses with the host cell. The life cycle of the virus is different from that of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells because it does not encode for enzymes involved in the replication process but rely on the cellular machinery for replication of more viral particles. Get ready for the Biological Sciences section of the exam with video lessons and self-assessment quizzes that provide the background you'll need to earn your best score. Phage lambda is a virus of E. coli K12 which after entering inside host cell normally does not kill it in-spite of being capable of destroying the host. Label the diagram using the descriptions: Host cell makes copies of virus parts ( Biosynthesis ) Virus attaches to host cell ( Attachment ) Virus is released from host cell ( Release ) Virus is assembled ( Assembly ) DNA from virus enters host cell ( Penetration ) 2. Life Cycle. The second stage of the HIV life cycle is called fusion and this is done after the virus has effectively attached itself to the CD4 cell. Env proteins are responsible for the entry of virions into the host cell. These are just like mRNA, but they need to be converted into a readable version before they can be translated into proteins. Because the virus uses the cell’s own machinery to create more viruses, it must look exactly like cellular mRNA to deceive the ribosomes into translating it. The HIV virus is a virus that attacks the bodies CD4 cells, these are the cells the body uses to fight diseases, infections and foreign bodies. This is the fourth step in the HIV virus life cycle. Viruses are classified according to their physical and chemical characteristics. A virus is made up of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell called a capsid. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes and causes severe liver diseases. All rights reserved. The L protein can read the viral RNA and create a new strand of mRNA from it. Learn about factors involved in classification, including double- and single-stranded viruses, positive and negative sense, the Baltimore classification system, and reverse transcriptase. Endocytosis is a process in which the cellular membrane caves inward, drawing everything nearby into the cell, and then pinching off . To understand each stage in the HIV life cycle, it helps to first imagine what HIV looks like.

Learn how HIV replicates itself through reverse transcriptase and the role of protease. In this case, everything simply assembles on the inside of the plasma membrane with the G1 and G2 proteins on the outside of the cell. This animation shows a single cycle of virus replication in a human cell. The viral capsid (blue) and genome (brown) are schematically drawn for the purpose of explanation. You can use the self-assessment quizzes that follow each lesson to see how much you've learned. HPVs (human papillomaviruses) infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. 2013). This is the enzyme the virus uses to integrate its own DNA into the infected CD4 cells DNA. Diagram of the viral life cycle. Once infected the virus remains in the body and if not treated will eventually overpower the bodies immune system completely leaving it vulnerable and unable to fight off infections. The first thing the virus must do is create more negative-sense RNA to package in the virions. Viruses mutate and adapt to become more infectious. Due to some circumstances EBV can undergo reactivation, which is an important issue in transplantology. The virus has a temperate life cycle that enables it to either enter into the lytic phase or reside within the host's genome via lysogeny. 1. After transcription comes translation, or the creation of proteins from mRNA. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page, Other chapters within the MCAT Test: Practice and Study Guide course. The HIV Life Cycle Binding and Fusion: HIV begins its life cycle when it binds to a CD4 receptor and one of two co-receptors on the surface of a CD4 + T- lymphocyte. The entire HIV viral envelope will then fuse with the cell which allows it to gain entry into it. SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle: Stages and Inhibition Targets Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses. For the virus to have maximum potency, this RNA must be reverse transcribed into DNA, which can then be incorporated into the host genome and replicated by cell machinery. The instructional videos in this chapter break down the complex study of virus structure and life cycle in units that make the subject easy to understand. The 52 questions in the Biological Sciences part of the exam require knowledge of organic chemistry along with a basic foundation in biology. The 5'-terminus does not have a ploy (C) tract. The fifth stage of the HIV life cycle is when the virus starts to form HIV proteins in long chains. Description. The structure and life cycle of viruses is covered in the Biological Sciences section of the MCAT. 2. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents of animal and plant tissues. Diagram illustrating the structure of the measles virus, which includes the glycoproteins Hemagglutinin (H) and Fusion (F) in the viral envelope. Thrips - General Life Cycle . There’s still one more step before the negative-sense RNA can be turned into translatable mRNA, however. Then, the capsid self-assembles with all the necessary parts within it (S RNA, M RNA, L RNA, N protein to protect the RNA and some extra L protein to get transcription started once a new cell is infected) and enters the Golgi apparatus the same way the virus originally entered the cell. Test your knowledge of the entire course with a 50 question practice final exam. It causes rabies which is an acute infection of CNS and is always fatal in untreated cases.

thousands off your degree. (A) Virions bind to host cell receptors (black), facilitating viral entry into the cell. Viruses are only able to replicate themselves by commandeering the reproductive apparatus of cells and making them reproduce the virus's genetic structure and particles instead. In the lytic life cycle, the virus breaks open or lyses the host cell. This lesson will dive into virology (the study of viruses), the history and structure of viruses, and how these infections exist in daily life. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions. Life cycle of a virus. The next comes transcription and translation of the viral genes contained in the RNA. (Photo Credit: Cifuentes-Muñoz N, Salazar-Quiroz N, D. Tischler N. 2014). Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. A virus is an infectious particle that reproduces by "commandeering" a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses. Next, the virus is uncoated within the cytoplasm of the cell when the capsid is removed. The cell's molecules are shown in blues and greens, and the viral molecules are shown in pinks and purples. Mosquito Life Cycle: Aedes aegypti and Ae. The life cycle begins with the penetration of the virus into the host cell. The lifecycle begins when the Hantavirus attaches to a cell using one of two proteins, called G1 and G2. This initial interaction triggers the HCV outer E1/E2 heterodimer membrane protein to bind to the scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1) and the . With the ribosomes inside the cell now working for the virus, viral proteins start to be synthesized. The virus consists of an RNA molecule, a surrounding protein capsid, and a membrane envelope around the capsid. The bottom picture shows exocytosis, which will occur at the end of the viral lifecycle. Due to the functional copy of env gene retroviruses are distinct from retroelements. The natural baculovirus life cycle starts with ingestion into the gut of a suitable host, for example, an insect larva, and primary infection of cells of the gut lumen. Like all viruses, the Hantavirus has a protective shell called a capsid. `These are the protein chains that the HIV virus uses to replicate itself and spread to other CD4 cells in the body. This is the very first stage of the HIV Lifecycle. 6(4): 1801-1822. VZV provokes chicken-pox in children and herpes zoster in adults. For the Marburg Virus to infect the host's cell an essential element is needed. Bacteriophages (Phages) & Animal Viruses The two categories of viruses that we are going to discuss in this class. The virus is absorbed into the host cell when Hemagglutinin proteins bind to . #7 Budding Binding and fusing. Virus Life Cycle Image: Viral cycle of infection , National Academy of Sciences From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com. Microbiology lecture 24 | Virus life cycle | RNA virus replicationThis virology lecture under the microbiology lecture series explains about the RNA virus re. The main methods of diagnosis of EBV infections are serological methods that detect certain specific . • Target receptor molecules on cell surfaces may be proteins . Finally, the completed virions exit the cell. Etymology. HPV . It is an enveloped virus with a negative sense RNA segmented genome that encodes for 11 viral genes. Influenza virus belongs to the family: Orthomyxoviridae. 1. viruses with relatively short life cycle that infect different cell types, replicate rapidly, and establish latency mainly in sensory ganglia. Coronavirus Life Cycle, 2020. Ebola References for Life Cycle picture: EBOLA AND MARBURG VIRUS MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY FREDERICK A. MURPHY, GUIDO VAN DER GROEN, SYLVIA G. WHITFIELD, JAMES V. LANGE The virus life cycle could be divided into six steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression and replication, assembly, and release. Ebola Virus Structure: progressive dissection of an Ebola virus particles. The life cycle of the virus is a series of steps that enable the virus to infect a host and replicate itself. When the HIV virus has successfully entered the CD4 cells nucleus it releases another HIV enzyme known as integrase.

They can often survive outside a host. See all Ebola pictures. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Viruses are only able to replicate themselves by commandeering the reproductive apparatus of cells and making them reproduce the virus's genetic structure and particles instead. The genome of the virus is carried in the form of RNA. The phage virus causes the lysis of the bacteria in the lytic cycle. #1 Binding Overview of Animal Viruses 3. Next, the virus is uncoated within the cytoplasm of the cell when the capsid is removed. The virus is transmitted to human from the bite of rabid animals especially from the saliva. 1.Adsorption: - The process of adhering one molecule onto the surface of another molecule. Learn about RNA viruses and their replication strategies. As the membrane continues to stretch, the virion is carried with it and eventually it pinches off, floating away from the Golgi apparatus. Viruses encode proteins that hinder the host genome, aid in viral replication and have a major role in the life cycle of viruses. Influenza virus- Structure, Types, Life Cycle. Figure 2. 1A, 1B and 1C) has an envelope derived from host cell membranes during replication. Viruses cannot function or reproduce outside a cell, and are totally dependent on . Above image measures 600 pixels across, original image is 5879 x 5609 pixels. You can test out of the first two years of college and save The virus shown in this animation delivers its genome inside the cell nucleus to replicate. ( Log Out /  The nucleus is omitted for clarity. The virions exit the cell the same way they would enter the Golgi apparatus in 6a.

Life cycle -Animal virus.

Viruses can infect many organisms, even bacteria. The Hemagglutinin (H) and Fusion (F) proteins mediate transmission of the measles virus into host cells in the human respiratory tract (3). But where does this L protein come from? The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses. Explore how viruses live, attack host cells, and replicate, and then learn the difference between lysogenic and lytic life cycles. It does this by first attaching to the CD4 cell's receptor than the CCR5 or the CXCR4 coreceptor. #2 Fusion. Explore the way bacteriophages replicate using the lytic and lysogenic cycle. This virus has evolved a number of mechanisms that enable it to invade host cells and subvert the host cell machinery for its own purpose, that is, for the sole production of more virus. Viruses are very diverse. This is the very first stage of the HIV Lifecycle. 2018 All Rights Reserved – Website by IAS-2005.org, The 7 stages of the HIV life cycle explained, HIV diet and nutrition advice to ensure a healthy lifestyle, How to get through the emotional trauma of letting loved ones know you are HIV positive, The top 5 HIV/AIDS research centers throughout the world, How to support a loved one coping and living with HIV/AIDS. A capsid containing the virus's genome and proteins then enters the cell. Influenza A virus belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Inside the cell, the viruses disassemble and replicate their genomes. Explore the different ways viruses mutate, and learn about antigenic drive, antigenic shift, and viral recombination. Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); History of Hantavirus and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the United States, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Icosahedron.html, http://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endocytosis.htm, http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/virology.html. is the same as other pathogens. The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and flattens to become part of the membrane itself, pushing the virion out of the cell (Exocytosis: see Figure 3, bottom picture). In the binding or attachment stage of HIV Life cycle, the HIV virus attaches itself to the surface of CD4 cells by using its receptor known as gp120 (a glycoprotein) to attach to some receptors on the CD4 cells such as CCR5 receptors and CXCR4.The HIV virus only infects CD4 cells because these cells express the receptors that help the HIV virus to enter the cells. The rabies virus is a fatal infection that attacks the central nervous and respiratory systems of mammals, including humans. Viruses cannot function or reproduce outside a cell, and are totally dependent on . 9 The measles virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, subgrouping this virus with other viruses that share a high affinity for mucus membranes (1). The very first thing that must happen is transforming the negative-sense RNA genome into a form that can be read to create proteins. Instead of creating a membrane, the virus simply takes it from the host cell. The life cycle begins with the penetration of the virus into the host cell. Now, follow each stage in the HIV life cycle as HIV attacks a CD4 cell and uses the machinery of . In the first 10-20 h postinfection, the viral DNA is replicated and new virions are produced, which . First instar nymph. Just outside of the capsid is an envelope, which is exactly the same as a cell’s plasma membrane. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions.

3.Uncoating: Life cycle -Animal virus. Translation proceeds until there are many copies of these proteins within the cell. This is how the new envelope is formed, but there is still a crucial step: The virion must escape the Golgi apparatus, which it is now trapped within. The envelope contains many proteins that cover the majority of the virus particle's surface. How viruses do this depends mainly on the type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA they contain, which is either one or the other but never both.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus: Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis. The seven stages of the HIV life cycle are: 1) binding, 2) fusion, 3) reverse transcription, 4) integration, 5) replication, 6) assembly, and 7) budding. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Function.

Viruses can bind to receptors on the surface of a cell to infect it. Reverse transcriptase is an essential part of the retrovirus life cycle. Therefore, it leads its life cycle in two different ways, one as virulent virus and the second as non-virulent. DNA Viruses 1. This allows the virus to release an HIV Enzyme or reverse transcriptase enabling it to convert the virus’s genetic makeup. Life-Cycle (Replication) of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): Plant viruses like TMV penetrate and enter the host cells in toto and their replication completes within such infected host cells (Fig. Depending on the type of nucleic acid, cellular components are used to replicate the viral genome and synthesize viral proteins for assembly of new virions. Figure 1. Pupa is hidden in soil (or curled leaves for Chilli thrips) and is not typically . Once separated they then combine and mature into the infectious form of HIV. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Learn virus definitions, structures and functions, Know the processes of antigenic drift and antigenic shift, Understand how viruses live, attack and replicate, Learn the bacteriophage lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses, Identify the mechanisms and diseases of the retroviridae virus family, The Transcription and Translation Process, The Molecular & Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Genetic Variation, Control & Reproduction, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis & Metabolic Regulation, Endocrine System: Hormones & Mechanisms of Hormone Action, Nervous System: Structure, Function & Sensory Reception, Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Systems, Basic Molecular Biology Laboratory Techniques, Genetics, Evolution & Environmental Influences on Behavior, Principles of Motor Development, Learning & Control, Families, Religions & Schools as Social Institutions, Culture, Socialization & Social Interaction, Principles & Procedures in Scientific Research. •During assembly, the basic structure of the virus particle . The small, empty capsids measure about 23 nm, with a T=1 icosahedral symmetry, and 60 VP1 proteins (Fig 2). In this chapter, you can meet the following learning objectives: In the MCAT's Biological Sciences section, you'll need to respond to questions about reading passages and questions about research and problem-solving skills. G1 and G2 work by binding to a cellular receptor, which allows the virus into the cell through endocytosis. Reverse Transcription: An HIV enzyme called reverse . Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. #2 Fusion The lessons in this chapter cover both content knowledge and practical skills. Bacteriophage A falls under the family Siphoviridae of the Group I (dsDNA viruses). Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus was initially isolated in Japan in 1935. 4) Assembly Capsomers are the outer covering of proteins that protect the genetic information of a virus. The structure and life cycle of viruses is covered in the Biological Sciences section of the MCAT. The sixth stage of the HIV virus life cycle is when the new HIV RNA and proteins which are now produced by the infected CD4 cell make their way to the surface of the cell to assemble into noninfectious immature HIV. They were discovered by F. W. Twort. In the latent phase three different patterns of gene expression are possible.

(2 . Therefore, it leads its life cycle in two different ways, one as virulent virus and the second as non-virulent. Being an immature HIV, it is unable to infect another CD4 cell, so it releases another HIV enzyme known as a protease. There are over 200 different HPV genotypes identified to date and each displays a strict tissue specificity for infection. The retroviral life cycle begins in the nucleus of an infected cell. The HIV life cycle is typically divided into seven distinct stages, from the attachment of the virus to the host cell to the budding of new free-circulating HIV virions ( pictured ). •During assembly, the basic structure of the virus particle . Instructional Strategies: Smallpox Virus Life Cycle (replication) Above: Simplified Diagram of the smallpox virus (Variola) replicative cycle (life cycle or replication). The cap sequence type is m7G5ppp5'GmpNp. Abstract: Discover the anatomical structure and infection mechanisms of a virus in the human body and develop a detailed understanding of the life cycle of a virus and the human body's reaction to a viral infection. Visit the MCAT Test: Practice and Study Guide page to learn more. Virus Life Cycle and metabolism Respiratory Syncytial Virus enters the cell through fusion at the plasma membrane. Rabies virus: Properties, life cycle, pathogenesis, diseases and diagnosis What is Rabies? Explore virus structure, structure of virus, viral structure types, and functions of virus structure. The greatest weight is given to the exam's passages, with 39 questions related to those readings. This protein mediates infection by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein. The MCAT is a multiple-choice exam intended to make sure candidates for admission to health profession programs have adequate skills for success in the medical field. Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) English pdf icon [PDF - 2 pages] Spanish pdf icon [PDF 2 pages] Page last reviewed: March 5, 2020. The virus life cycle within an animal begins with transmission and incubation, followed by prodromal and encephalitis phases. The much-talked about Ebola virus is an encapsulated single-stranded (ss) negative RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae. The life cycle of a virus includes several steps, including attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, maturation, and release. Inside the cell, the viruses disassemble and replicate their genomes. When they do infect a suitable host cell or cells . The infectious process and the life cycle of the human papilloma virus are based on the self-reproduction of infectious virions. The HCV life cycle begins with the HCV low-affinity binding to two host receptors on the surface of a hepatocyte: low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs).

The lifecycle begins when the Hantavirus attaches to a cell using one of two proteins, called G1 and G2. RNA Viruses 4. Viruses. Common wild animal carriers of the virus include skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes and bats. ( Log Out /  Protease is differently expressed in different viruses. Did you know… We have over 220 college courses that prepare you to earn The 5'-terminal sequence has conserved regions; 5'-end of the genome has a methylated nucleotide cap. As you might have guessed, the L protein comes from the L RNA. Monocyte Measles virus Potential routes of measles virus dissemination to the brain Brain capillary (b.) Figure 4. Life Cycle of Phage Virus. - Definition, Structure & Function, Shapes of a Virus: Helical, Icosahedral, Prolate, Complex & Enveloped, Classification of Viruses: Viral Genome and Replication Scheme, How Viruses Mutate: Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift, The Life Cycle of a Virus: How Viruses Live, Attack & Replicate, Viruses: Bacteriophage Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles, HIV and AIDS: Mechanisms and Diseases of the Retroviridae Virus Family. Download scientific diagram | The typical different stages of virus life cycle. This means that the virus will start forming new viruses, called virions, to release and infect new cells with. Prions 2. The life cycle begins with the penetration of the virus into the host cell. A picture of the Hantavirus from a scanning electron microscope. The capsid is composed of 180 VP1 proteins. Next, the virus is uncoated within the cytoplasm of the cell when the capsid is removed. The importance of nutrition Good nutrition means eating the right …, The shock of an HIV positive diagnosis As with any …, HIV/AIDS research HIV/AIDS is still one of the top major …, The HIV virus The HIV virus is a virus that …, Supporting your loved ones It is basic human instinct to …. The structure of the phage particle consists of a protein head or capsid, a non-contractile tail, and tail fibers. Besides, it does not undergo the typical stages involved in cell division including mitosis and meiosis but . To do this, the virion buds off of the Golgi within a vesicle. The virus shown in this animation delivers its genome inside the cell nucleus to replicate. This is done by the L protein. (1) Attachment: In this step, the viral envelope glycoproteins attach to certain host cell membrane receptors. Influenza commonly called a flue is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract mainly infects humans and animals. It is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis (inflammation of the brain parenchyma) in Asia and the western Pacific. The annual attack rate of influenza virus is 5-10% in adults and 20-30% in children. Reasoning and scientific proficiency are the main focuses of the test's questions. (Photo Credit: Vaheri A et al. Measles virus infection cycle Lungs Measles virus Dissemination Liver Blood Local lymph node Spleen Lymphatic tissue Thymus Skin Alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells T and B cells Skin rash Transmission. G1 and G2 work by binding to a cellular receptor, which allows the virus into the cell through endocytosis. Chapter 17: Virus Structure & Life Cycle, Test your knowledge with a 30-question chapter practice test. The icosahedral shaped capsid is just below the envelope (not shown). Uncovering the Mysteries of Hantavirus Infections. 13.21).

What is Bacteriophage: Structure and Life Cycle. How viruses do this depends mainly on the type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA they contain, which is either one or the other but never both. #4 Integration Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. The stages are outlined in sequential orders as follows: 1. During uncoating, replication, and assembly, the viral RNA express . A virus is an infectious non-living particle that cannot survive on its own. Attachment • Virus attachment consists of specific binding of a virus-attachment protein (or 'antireceptor') to a cellular receptor molecule. A retrovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus that binds to specific cell surface receptors on a targeted host cell's outer membrane, fuses, and enters via endocytosis to replicate its genetic material in a unique way. 2013. Henttonen H, Hepojoki J, Mäkelä S, Mustonen J, Sironen T, Strandin T, Vaheri A.

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